That "quick check" only confirms that the disk-drive is successfully able to read & write files.
It does not confirm that all the necessary files to launch and run Windows are properly available on the disk-drive.
Do you have a copy of the Windows Installation Media? If not, see: Download Windows 10 (microsoft.com)
Boot from the media, instead of from your disk-drive, and choose "Repair", instead of "Install".
That "repair" may work to fix the missing/corrupt files that Windows requires.