I have experienced this issue on a Pro X2 612 G2 on Verizon as well. Verizon's only Micro SIM for the HP “3FF/Micro SIM” is the DFILLSIM3FF-D (-A from a store, same card).
I have versions of this SIM from March 2014 that work, but none of the newer SIM cards work. Yet any SIM sent from Verizon will work in a WiFi hotspot. I've had this issue accross 10 Pro X2 Tablets.
I've opened a case with HP and I will share the resolution. Hopefully we don't have to replace all of our devices to get a working mobile broadband option......